Preference for prevention over cure is a truism. Precaution is an important type of prevention. Particularly, the Precautionary Approach in Civil Liability has been increasingly emphasized in recent decades. However, what the term precaution conveys and the specific stance it takes in civil liability is underexplored. Indeed, despite the many recommendations for the Precautionary Approach, little has it been studied to define what it is or how it works. In this vein, recruiting a descriptive-analytical design, the present study seeks to answer this fundamental question. The Principle of Precaution has already established itself as a moral and legal duty, and of great importance in dealing with various issues, especially social behaviors. Findings suggest that, among the many proposed and conceivable roles, precaution could logically be considered as the goal of civil liability in this respect. Explanation and justification on other roles are beyond the scope of the study.

Despite borrowing constraint and incomplete financial markets in Iran economy, grasping how economic agents behave in these situations is very crucial. This paper attempts to investigate saving behavior in Iran by solving Ayagari heterogeneous agent model numerically. The paper concludes that precautionary saving increases in uncertain environment and in extreme uncertain cases it reaches 30 percent of total saving of Iran economy. These huge resources that go to real asset markets like exchange or real estate as a speculative attack decreases household consumption from golden rule consumption level and cause fluctuations in market prices.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

Undoubtedly, the 20% number of infertile men and women in Iran, which is higher than the average infertility of other countries, is a social problem for the Islamic system. The depth of this problem becomes clearer when we take a brief look at its devastating harms, such as depression, frustration, and divorce. Fortunately, many communities have cured this problem with the help of advances in medical knowledge through artificial insemination in a surrogate uterus. This scientific solution has faced a religious obstacle in Islamic and Shiite societies. Many great jurists have issued fatwas on impermissibility, and the main reason for them is to adhere to the principle of precaution in all matters, including the rulings of vulvae. This paper intends to criticize the inclusion of this rule on artificial insemination in order to remove the religious obstacle of artificial insemination in the surrogate uterus. In this regard, after explaining the issue, the discussion of the background and arguments of the opponents, especially the precautionary principle, has been examined and criticized, and at the end, the arguments of the proponents have been presented and some problems have been answered. Finally, it was concluded that infertile couples could be treated by artificial insemination in a surrogate uterus, while avoiding side Haram practices.

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The problem of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal identity.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are among the primary concerns in internet security today. Machine learning can be exploited to detect such attacks. In this paper, a multi-layer perceptron model is proposed and implemented using deep machine learning to distinguish between malicious and normal traffic based on their behavioral patterns. The proposed model is trained and tested using the CICDDoS2019 dataset. To remove irrelevant and redundant data from the dataset and increase learning accuracy, feature selection is used to select and extract the most effective features that allow us to detect these attacks. Moreover, we use the grid search algorithm to acquire optimum values of the model’s hyperparameters among the parameters’ space. In addition, the sensitivity of accuracy of the model to variations of an input parameter is analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented model is validated in comparison with some state-of-the-art works.